Learning about abuse is the first step to ending it.

What is child abuse? 

Child abuse is when a parent or caregiver, whether through action or failing to act, causes injury, death, emotional harm or risk of serious harm to a child. There are many forms of child maltreatment, including neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, exploitation and emotional abuse.

%

of child maltreatment cases involve neglect

Child neglect is when a parent or caregiver does not give the care, supervision, affection and support needed for a child’s health, safety and well-being. Child neglect includes: Physical neglect and inadequate supervision, Emotional neglect, Medical neglect, and Educational neglect

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Physical Neglect

Children need enough care to be healthy and enough supervision to be safe. Adults that care for children must provide clothing, food and drink. A child also needs safe, healthy shelter, and adequate supervision.

Examples of physical neglect:

  • Deserting a child or refusing to take custody of a child who is under your care
  • Repeatedly leaving a child in another’s custody for days or weeks at a time
  • Failing to provide enough healthy food and drink
  • Failing to provide clothes that are appropriate to the weather
  • Failing to ensure adequate personal hygiene
  • Not supervising a child appropriately
  • Leaving the child with an inappropriate caregiver
  • Exposing a child to unsafe/unsanitary environments or situations

Emotional Neglect

Children require enough affection and attention to feel loved and supported. If a child shows signs of psychological illness, it must be treated.

Examples of emotional neglect:

  • Ignoring a child’s need for attention, affection and emotional support
  • Exposing a child to extreme or frequent violence, especially domestic violence
  • Permitting a child to use drugs, use alcohol, or engage in crime
  • Keeping a child isolated from friends and loved ones

Medical Neglect

Some states do not prosecute parents who withhold certain types of medical care for religious reasons, but they may get a court order to protect the child’s life.

Parents and caregivers must provide children with appropriate treatment for injuries and illness. They must also provide basic preventive care to make sure their child stays safe and healthy.

Examples of medical neglect:

  • Not taking child to hospital or appropriate medical professional for serious illness or injury
  • Keeping a child from getting needed treatment
  • Not providing preventative medical and dental care
  • Failing to follow medical recommendations for a child

Educational Neglect

Parents and schools share responsibility for making sure children have access to opportunities for academic success.

Examples of educational neglect:

  • Allowing a child to miss too much school
  • Not enrolling a child in school (or not providing comparable home-based education)
  • Keeping a child from needed special education services

Signs of Child Neglect

There is no “smoking gun” for most child neglect. While even one instance of neglect can cause lifelong harm to a child, neglect often requires a pattern of behavior over a period of time.

Signs in Caregiver

There is no “typical neglectful parent.” Nevertheless, certain indicators may suggest a parent or caregiver needs help to nurture and protect the child or children in their care:

  • Displays indifference or lack of care toward the child
  • Depression, apathy, drug/alcohol abuse and other mental health issues
  • Denies problems with child or blames the child for problems
  • Views child negatively
  • Relies on child for own care and well-being

Signs in Child

While a single indicator may not be cause for alarm, children who are neglected often show that they need help:

  • Clothing that is the wrong size, in disrepair, dirty, or not right for the weather
  • Often hungry, stockpiles food, seeks food, may even show signs of malnutrition (like distended belly, protruding bones)
  • Very low body weight, height for age
  • Often tired, sleepy, listless
  • Hygiene problems, body odor
  • Talks about caring for younger siblings, not having a caregiver at home
  • Untreated medical and dental problems, incomplete immunizations
  • Truancy, frequently incomplete homework, frequent changes of school

%

adults that report being physically abused as a child

Physical abuse of a child is when a parent or caregiver causes any non-accidental physical injury to a child. There are many signs of physical abuse, and you can read more about those signs below.

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Physical abuse includes striking, kicking, burning, biting, hair pulling, choking, throwing, shoving, whipping or any other action that injures a child. Even if the caregiver didn’t mean to cause injury, when the child is injured it is abuse. Physical discipline from a parent that does not injure or impair a child is not considered abuse; however non-violent alternatives are always available.

Physical abuse can result in:

  • Bruises, blisters, burns, cuts and scratches
  • Internal injuries, brain damage
  • Broken bones, sprains, dislocated joints
  • Emotional and psychological harm
  • Lifelong injury, death

Signs of physical abuse in parent or caregiver:

  • Can’t or won’t explain injury of child, or explains it in a way that doesn’t make sense
  • Displays aggression to child or is overly anxious about child’s behavior
  • Indicates child is not trustworthy, a liar, evil, a troublemaker
  • Delays or prevents medical care for child
  • Takes child to different doctors or hospitals
  • Keeps child from school, church, clubs
  • Has history of violence and/or abuse

Signs of physical abuse in a child:

Physical:

  • Any injury to a child who is not crawling yet
  • Visible and severe injuries
  • Injuries at different stages of healing
  • On different surfaces of the body
  • Unexplained or explained in a way that doesn’t make sense
  • Distinctive shape
  • Frequency, timing and history of injuries (frequent, after weekends, vacations, school absences)

Behavioral:

  • Aggression toward peers, pets, other animals
  • Seems afraid of parents or other adults
  • Fear, withdrawal, depression, anxiety
  • Wears long sleeves out of season
  • Violent themes in fantasy, art, etc.
  • Nightmares, insomnia
  • Reports injury, severe discipline
  • Immaturity, acting out, emotional and behavior extremes
  • Self-destructive behavior or attitudes

%

adults that report being emotionally abused as a child

When a parent or caregiver harms a child’s mental and social development, or causes severe emotional harm, it is considered emotional abuse.  While a single incident may be abuse, most often emotional abuse is a pattern of behavior that causes damage over time.

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Sexual abuse of children includes:

  • Non-contact abuse
  • Making a child view a sex act
  • Making a child view or show sex organs
  • Inappropriate sexual talk
  • Contact abuse
  • Fondling and oral sex
  • Penetration
  • Making children perform a sex act
  • Exploitation
  • Child prostitution and child pornography

Signs of sexual abuse in parent or caregiver:

  • Parent fails to supervise child
  • Unstable adult presence
  • Jealous/possessive parent
  • Sexual relationships troubled or dysfunctional
  • Parent relies on child for emotional support

Signs of sexual abuse in a child:

Physical:

  • Difficulty sitting, walking, bowel problems
  • Torn, stained, bloody undergarments
  • Bleeding, bruises, pain, swelling, itching of genital area
  • Frequent urinary tract infections or yeast infections
  • Any sexually transmitted disease or related symptoms

Behavioral:

  • Doesn’t want to change clothes (e.g., for P.E.)
  • Withdrawn, depressed, anxious
  • Eating disorders, preoccupation with body
  • Aggression, delinquency, poor peer relationships
  • Poor self-image, poor self-care, lack of confidence
  • Sudden absenteeism, decline in school performance
  • Substance abuse, running away, recklessness, suicide attempts
  • Sleep disturbance, fear of bedtime, nightmares, bed wetting (at advanced age)
  • Sexual acting out, excessive masturbation
  • Unusual or repetitive soothing behaviors (hand-washing, pacing, rocking, etc.)
  • Sexual behavior or knowledge that is advanced or unusual
  • Reports sexual abuse

%

adults that report being sexually abused as a child

Sexual abuse occurs when an adult uses a child for sexual purposes or involves a child in sexual acts. It also includes when a child who is older or more powerful uses another child for sexual gratification or excitement.

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Emotional abuse can include:

  • Rejecting or ignoring: telling a child he or she is unwanted or unloved, showing little interest in child, not initiating or returning affection, not listening to the child, not validating the child’s feelings, breaking promises, cutting child off in conversation
  • Shaming or humiliating: calling a child names, criticizing, belittling, demeaning, berating, mocking, using language or taking action that takes aim at child’s feelings of self-worth
  • Terrorizing: accusing, blaming, insulting, punishing with or threatening abandonment, harm or death, setting a child up for failure, manipulating, taking advantage of a child’s weakness or reliance on adults, slandering, screaming, yelling
  • Isolating: keeping child from peers and positive activities, confining child to small area, forbidding play or other stimulating experiences
  • Corrupting: engaging child in criminal acts, telling lies to justify actions or ideas, encouraging misbehavior

Signs of emotional abuse in parent or caregiver:

  • Routinely ignores, criticizes, yells at or blames child
  • Plays favorites with one sibling over another
  • Poor anger management or emotional self-regulation
  • Stormy relationships with other adults, disrespect for authority
  • History of violence or abuse
  • Untreated mental illness, alcoholism or substance abuse

Signs of emotional abuse in a child:

Physical:

  • Delays in development
  • Wetting bed, pants
  • Speech disorders
  • Health problems like ulcers, skin disorders
  • Obesity and weight fluctuation

Behavioral:

  • Habits like sucking, biting, rocking
  • Learning disabilities and developmental delays
  • Overly compliant or defensive
  • Extreme emotions, aggression, withdrawal
  • Anxieties, phobias, sleep disorders
  • Destructive or anti-social behaviors (violence, cruelty, vandalism, stealing, cheating, lying)
  • Behavior that is inappropriate for age (too adult, too infantile)
  • Suicidal thoughts and behaviors

Shaken Baby Syndrome

Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) is preventable. It is a severe form of physical child abuse resulting from violent shaking of an infant by the shoulders, arms, or legs. SBS may result from both shaking alone or from shaking with impact.  Babies, newborn to one year (especially babies ages 2 to 4 months), are at greatest risk of injury from shaking. Shaking them violently can trigger a “whiplash” effect that can lead to internal injuries—including bleeding in the brain or in the eyes. Often there are no obvious external physical signs, such as bruising or bleeding, to indicate an injury.

The number one reason a child is shaken is because a parent or caregiver becomes so frustrated with a baby’s crying that they lose control and begin to shake them. They are usually average people, who in the heat of their frustration and anger lose control, and shake their child. Most people charged with shaking their baby have no previous history of violence, and the act is unintended. Read more from the CDC’s Shaken Baby Syndrome, A Preventative Tragedy.

Immediate symptoms of Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) include tiredness, not eating, no smiling, talking or laughing, difficulty swallowing, sucking or breathing, vomiting, difficulty staying awake, or the baby is very stiff or limp like a rag doll.

Shaking can cause brain injury, cerebral palsy, blindness, hearing loss, learning and behavior problems, seizures, paralysis, and death.

It is estimated that 1,000-3,000 children in the United States suffer from Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) each year.

One fourth of victims of SBS die, and 80 percent of survivors suffer from permanent damage.

Approximately 20/100,000 children sustain Abusive Head Trauma annually.

SHAKING IS DANGEROUS!

The crying…the late-night feedings…the constant changing of diapers…the resulting exhaustion… The fact is that many new parents and caregivers find themselves unprepared for the realities of caring for a baby and the stress and aggravation that can accompany those realities.

The fact is that crying—including prolonged bouts of inconsolable crying— is normal developmental behavior in babies. It helps to think of crying as one of the ways babies communicate.

First, understand that crying is a normal developmental stage. The Period of PURPLE Crying begins at about 2 weeks of age and continues until about 3-4 months of age. There are other common characteristics of this phase, or period, which are better described by the acronym PURPLE. All babies go through this period. It is during this time that some babies can cry a lot and some far less, but they all go through it.

The best thing that parents and caretakers can do is stay calm. It may sound simple, but it can be hard to do when you are tired, frazzled, and worried about your baby. Taking care of a crying infant is a lot of work, and feeling frustrated, drained, and a little desperate is a normal reaction to a hard situation. It is okay to feel those things; the trick is to not let your feelings shape how you treat your baby. Keeping your emotions in check – staying calm – is important for your own sake, but also for your baby. NEVER shake a baby!

Try to take at least 15-30 minutes alone each day. Take a walk or to do something relaxing and enjoyable. Ask your partner, family or friends to take care of the baby while you take care of yourself; it’s difficult to be calm and at your best when you are overtired and stressed.

Learn how to breathe deeply and become aware of how much stress is held in the body. Both caretaker and child can benefit significantly when the caretaker utilizes relaxation and visualization or other mindfulness techniques on a regular basis. When the caretaker is more relaxed, the child’s sense of well being, trust, and secure attachment to the parent is enhanced.

Shaken Baby Syndrome is preventable.

  • Never shake a baby.
  • Crying is normal.
  • Shaking is not.

Steps to Prevent Shaken Baby Sydrome:

  • Put baby in safe place
  • Walk away
  • Take a time out
  • Ask for help.

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